Write About How Faulks Introduces the Story in Part 2 of Birdsong Essay Example for Free

Expound On How Faulks Introduces the Story in Part 2 of Birdsong Essay Expound on how Faulks recounts to the story in the main area of Part 2, starting with the words JACK FIREBRACE LAY forty-five feet underground .. What's more, finishing with the words A rising tune under the scratch of a thick gramophone needle† (Pages 121 to 138 Vintage Edition). (21 imprints) Faulks recounts to the tale of Birdsong in the presentation of Part 2 by in a split second making a sensational impact by changing each key factor from section 1 to Part 2 including which decade it is in and the characters. The principal line of Part 2 in a split second makes a grasping impact on the peruser. ‘Jack Firebrace lay forty five feet underground’ Faulk’s intentionally made a total change in view, plot and individual to anticipate the remainder of Part 2 and furthermore cause the peruser to feel as though the story is dreamlike as such sensational changes so immediately prepared as you are perusing it doesn't feel genuine, such an emotional change in one page was deliberately done by Faulks to cause the peruser to feel increasingly intrigued and curious concerning why everything has been so significantly changed. The word ‘Firebrace’ can be part it into two, fire and support. Fire is an imagery of turmoil, obliteration and war which fits in consummately for the running subject all through section 2 of Birdsong and fits with pulverization of lives, lands and furthermore mental strength all brought about by the confusion of a war. In any case, ‘Brace’ is something which holds things together to give backing and assembling these two shows that despite the fact that there is fire in the war as long as the men have each other for help they can figure out how to traverse it and this makes a consciousness of the war that Faulk’s is attempting to appear in Part 2. Section 2 shows how the war influenced individuals actually and regardless of how forceful the war turned into, the internal continuous flows of their own considerations was in every case more terrible in light of the fact that a few things you see can never get away from your psyche. ‘There were sounds, inaccessible and sporadic. He was unable to be certain what they were.’ The statement from a strict perspective is discussing the sounds they can hear inside the passage notwithstanding; figuratively it tends to be deciphered to mean the voices inside their head. The voices can be appeared as ‘distant’ in light of the fact that the individuals who they consider are so distant and far off which shows how they miss them even subliminally. Another implication of ‘distant’ could be the far off considerations of kicking the bucket. These men realize that at any moment they could bite the dust from this war and that idea ought to be kept as far off and far as conceivable to stay a hopeful perspective on the war in light of the fact that else they are some place with death crawling on them yet in addition recognize that and got dreadful of it continually and to carry on with an actual existence like that for quite a long time impacts the soundness of your brain and what you look like at life all in all. The word ‘irregular’ could have been utilized by Faulks to represent the anomaly of the circumstance they are in, the anomalies of the war and the inconsistencies of humankind. All that they are doing is so unpredictable and unethical however some way or another it is as yet their business to do as such, without knowing the slightest bit about the individual they are executing they are as yet murdering them. For reasons unknown, this was law this was the principles and nothing was regarded as off-base and this is so unpredictable and out of typicality yet it despite everything occurred. This was intentionally done by Faulk’s to make consciousness of the issues in mankind during this timeframe. To some extent 2, segments of the book show an emotional difference in occasions so immediately. ‘Before he could complete there was a thunder in the passage and a colossal wad of earth and rock blew past them. It took four men with it.’ The area goes from being extremely tense with the edge of your seat impact and foreseeing a peak occasion, realizing something is going to occur and afterward unexpectedly in one sentence all progressions from the feelings of the characters, the goal to the status of living and dead. Such grave components have changed in one sentence. Faulks intentionally does this to make an adjustment in structure and show how anytime anything can occur. ‘It took four men with it.’ This line is monosyllabic; this is purposefully done by Faulks to make a differentiating impact. The plot and the structure of the sentence totally differentiate each other as what the statement says is four individuals have simply kicked the bucket, their lives gone and no more yet the effortlessness of the language the one syllable single word causes it t o appear to be so quiet normal and basic. This is finished by Faulk’s to show differentiate in plot and structure to some degree 2. The impact of imagery to allude to past occasions and character is utilized in Part 2. ‘Evans had attempted to light a flame yet there was insufficient oxygen. The match consumed splendid red yet would not flame.’ This can be viewed as reference to ‘The Red Room’ in Part 1 of the book. The red room was constantly observed to the peruser as a room of enthusiasm and desire where Stephan and Isabelle had joined together be that as it may, the fire was rarely completely consumed, this could have been a direct result of the reality the two of them realized they were in an inappropriate or the way that the genuine feeling of affection wasn’t impeccably there. There was insufficient oxygen to light the fire. The multifaceted nuance behind this demonstrated Isabelle’s genuine sentiments towards Azaire and perhaps Stephan moreover. She could make a decent attempt as it was conceivable to show love and genuine closeness however reality of her feelings was that they were rarely totally entire and there. Without oxygen you can't light a fire and without genuine inclination you can't have love. The utilization of the words ‘light’ and ‘flame’ and how they are lost is additionally part of the running topic all through the novel; the loss of expectation is spoken to by misfortune and in this citation absence of light. On pages 126-127 Jack gets a letter from his ex Margaret. The structure is flawless and in line, the quantity of lines per section is generally a similar sum and accentuation is perfect. No short sentences or some other abstract devises are utilized to make any sensational impacts. This could show how Margaret is attempting to resist the urge to panic even with the information that both her child and her significant other are in probability of biting the dust. The letter likewise cites ‘as you will envision it is difficult getting medication and the specialists to care for him with such a great amount of going on at the front which is the way it ought to be.’ Faulks makes familiarity with the war and how it influenced the officers out there battling as well as the residents at home battling as all needs were on the war and this was not off-base however this imply individuals at home were additionally biting the dust from absence of necessities set up, individuals that if the war had not occurred would not have kicked the bucket just as the a large number of warriors. To close, Faulks presented Part 2 by significantly changing occasions and furthermore making a subject of lost would like to represent how the characters and furthermore individuals that were a piece of WW1 did genuinely feel. Actually, I imagine that the presentation of section 2 was composed to show consciousness of the detestations of war. Faulk’s needed to show to his perusers how troublesome and groundbreaking this war truly was. Faulks appears in his presentation that you were murdered by your own men on the off chance that you submitted a mix-up like resting at work. Something as little a slip-up as that could get you slaughtered. In birdsong men ‘he had never contacted tobacco’ and afterward it transformed into ‘now it was his most noteworthy comfort.’ Tobacco executes you gradually yet that turns into the best solace that is the means by which grave it was, the way the best way to cause you to feel better was to murder yourself gradually as opposed to in one shot. The reality men had never attempted it however now it was their agony reliever shows exactly how the war changed individuals such a great amount of genuinely just as intellectually. Dependability was lost and men became murdering machines this was not sympathetic. Faulk’s shows this as he writes in each expression of the genuine repulsions, individuals kicking the bucket blazes not being lit appropriately, men losing each other no steadiness at all and all to make mindfulness.

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Asylum from Abuse: Healing and Hope for Abused, by Nason-Clark, N. what's more, Kroeger, is a book that made for casualties of household misuse , the individuals who are as of now enduring it, and the individuals who as of now have; and furthermore for the individuals who need to be proficient on the issue. The writers of the book bring their insight from particular perspectives. Nancy N. Clark is a humanist while Cathie Clark Kroger is a scriptural researcher. With these two alternate points of view, we can get the subject of Domestic maltreatment through a multi-dimensional view point and see a top to bottom perspective on the genuine wrongdoing that is residential maltreatment. The things the stand apart about this book are the measure of zones that it covers, and the innovative ways Clark and Kroger can impart the material. In the start of the book there are little parts of data. These little segments center around things, for example, when a relationship isn't solid, security, and approaches to ensure oneself. The book additionally expeditiously amends any bogus thoughts regarding residential maltreatment. These bogus thoughts incorporate the conviction that aggressive behavior at home doesn't happen in my neighborhood, church, family, or oneself. All through the book there are various instances of aggressive behavior at home. The various models show the assortment of components that entangles or are simply part of the maltreatment. Variables incorporate psychological well-being, sedate maltreatment, liquor misuse, and others. The tales depict how misuse can start in the start of the relationship, center, or when they enter late adulthood. A scriptural component is likewise included the book. All through the book the writers of the book relate characters from the Bible. These Characters incorporate Hagar, David, Mary, and others. The auth... ...s. The piece of the book that truly affected me was the section about love. It manages the way that love can mend. It utilizes hymn 66 which states â€Å"For you, O God, have tried us; you have attempted us as silver is attempted. You carried us into the net; you laid a devastating weight on our backs; you let men ride over our heads; we experienced fire and through water; yet you have brought us out to a position of abundance.† It utilizes this entry to outline the rest that we look for from our weights and that at long last, God conveys on his guarantee of harmony and rest. Once in a while, I experience issues adoring, particularly when I’ve experiencing a predicament. In spite of the fact that I definitely know this the book simply fortified it. I may be experiencing a predicament; God will give me the rest I need at the suitable time, as long as I stay unwavering in my love to Him.

The Elephant Parable, 2011 version - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

The Elephant Parable, 2011 version - UGA Undergraduate Admissions The Elephant Parable, 2011 version After decisions last year, there were a wave of unhappy comments about specific decisions and comparisons to other applicants, and I decided to write a post about the importance of knowing everything about a situation before judging it. I thought that with decisions being released tomorrow, it would be good to re-post this message a little earlier. Once upon a time, in a faraway land, there lived six blind men. Each of them was very wise. Each of them had gone to school and read lots of books in braille. They knew so much about so many things that people would often come from miles around to get their advice. They were happy to share whatever they knew with the people who asked them thoughtful questions. One day these six wise blind men went for a walk in the zoo. That day the zoo-keeper was worrying about all of her many troubles. The night before she had had an argument with her husband, and her children had been misbehaving all day long. She had so much on her mind that she forgot to lock the gate of the elephant cage as she was leaving it. Now, elephants are naturally very curious animals. They quickly tried to push the gate to the cage to see if it might open. To their great surprise, the gate swung freely on its hinge. Two of the more daring elephants walked over to the gate. They looked left and right, and then quietly tip-toed out of the cage. Just at that moment the six blind men walked by. One of them heard a twig snap, and went over to see what it was that was walking by. Hi there ! said the first blind man to the first elephant. Could you please tell us the way to the zoo restaurant ? The elephant couldnt think of anything intelligent to say, so he sort of shifted his weight from left to right to left to right. The first blind man walked over to see if this big silent person needed any help. Then, with a big bump, he walked right into the side of the elephant. He put out his arms to either side, but all he could feel was the big body of the elephant. Boy, said the first blind man. I think I must have walked into a wall. The second blind man was becoming more and more curious about what was happening. He walked over to the front of the elephant and grabbed hold of the animals trunk. He quickly let go and shouted, This isnt a wall. This is a snake! We should step back in case its poisonous. The third man quickly decided to find out what was going on, and to tell his friends what they had walked into. He walked over to the back of the elephant and touched the animals tail. This is no wall, and this is no snake. You are both wrong once again. I know for sure that this is a rope. The fourth man sighed as he knew how stubborn his friends could be. The fourth blind man decided that someone should really get to the bottom of this thing. So he crouched down on all fours and felt around the elephants legs. (Luckily for the fourth man, this elephant was very tame and wouldnt think of stepping on a human being.) My dear friends, explained the fourth man. This is no wall and this is no snake. This is no rope either. What we have here, gentlemen, is four tree trunks. Thats it. Case closed. The fifth blind man was not so quick to jump to conclusions. He walked up to the front of the elephant and felt the animals two long tusks. It seems to me that this object is made up of two swords, said the fifth man. What I am holding is long and curved and sharp at the end. I am not sure what this could be, but maybe our sixth friend could help us. The sixth blind man scratched his head and thought and thought. He was the one who really was the wisest of all of them. He was the one who really knew what he knew, and knew what he didnt know. Just then the worried zoo-keeper walked by. Hi there ! How are you enjoying the zoo today ? she asked them all. The zoo is very nice, replied the sixth blind man. Perhaps you could help us figure out the answer to a question thats been puzzling us. Sure thing, said the zoo-keeper, as she firmly grabbed the elephants collar. My friends and I cant seem to figure out what this thing in front of us is. One of us thinks its a wall; one thinks its a snake; one thinks its a rope, and one thinks its four tree trunks. How can one thing seem so different to five different people? Well, said the zoo-keeper. You are all right. This elephant seems like something different to each one of you. And the only way to know what this thing really is, is to do exactly what you have done. Only by sharing what each of you knows can you possibly reach a true understanding. The six wise men had to agree with the wisdom of the zoo-keeper. The first five of them had been too quick to form an opinion without listening to what the others had to say. So they all went off to the zoo restaurant and had a really hearty lunch. Remember, when admissions is looking at an application, we are reviewing the whole applicant in the context of their individual situation. While people might know or read of one aspect of a student, they do know know the whole of an applicants life. So when commenting here or looking at other applicants, please do not be blind to the fact that you might know one thing about a student, but you do not know the whole of the person. Open your eyes to the fact that admissions offices are looking at everything within the file, seeing connections, understanding strengths and weaknesses, and trying to see the overall person. You might think that you know a situation because you know of one aspect (or score) of an applicant, but you might just be holding an elephants tail and thinking it is a rope.

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay - 933 Words

Wealth, material possessions, and power are the core principles of The American Dream. Pursuit of a better life led countless numbers of foreign immigrants to America desiring their chance at the vast opportunity. Reaching the American Dream is not always reaching true happiness. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby achieves the American Dream, but his unrealistic faiths in money and life’s possibilities twist his dreams and life into useless life based on lies. Jay Gatsby believes he can buy happiness. For example, Gatsbys house is â€Å" A factual imitation of some Hotel De Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool and more than forty acres of lawn†¦show more content†¦With money, Gatsby believes that anything is possible. He does all he can to buy his happiness, yet he lacks the foresight to see the worthlessness of his efforts. Gatsby’s obsessions are not limited too simply possessing wealth, but they also extend to the manner in which it was acquired as well. First Gatsby claims having attended Oxford, and even goes so far as to flaunt Nick a picture,â€Å" A souvenir of his Oxford days†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (71). Gatsby openly avoids mentioning how long he was at Oxford and why he was there. The small dishonest taste that Gatsby has of Oxford only serves to make his desire to change the past more consuming than ever before. Gatsby wants a simpler time, a better time with more noble aspirations. Gatsby uses the photograph to undo his past. In addition, Gatsby furthers the tales of his grand life insisting that he lived in all the capitols of Europe like a rajah. Fitzgerald proves Gatsby’s stories to be lies beyond any reasonable doubt. Jay sounds like a fool, and his condescending willingness to underestimate the intelligence of his listeners proves he acts as a fool. Gatsby’s false stories s uck him deeper and deeper into the abyss that is self-worthlessness. Finally, the rainbow that Jay Gatsby follows through life has the ultimate treasure at the end –true love. The desperate alteration of his past serves only one purpose, to impress the shallow Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby innocently assumes that his money and accomplishments can buy anything – evenShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Great Gatsby Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream: The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story on the surface, but its most commonly understood as a suspicious critic of the American Dream. In the novel Jay Gatsby overcomes his poor past to gain an incredible amount of money and a limited amount of social cache of in the 1920s NYC, only to be rejected by the â€Å"old money† crowd. The focus of my paper would be the pathway towards the American Dream and how it affects the person and others around. The American dreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real American Dream Since its institution, the United States has been revered as the ultimate land of ceaseless opportunity. People all around the world immigrated to America to seek quick wealth, which was predominately seen in the new Modern era. Beginning in the late 1800s to the early 1900s, the period introduced progressive ideas into society and the arts. Accompanying these ideas was a loss of faith in the American Dream and the promise America once guaranteed, especially after WorldRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1442 Words   |  6 PagesPursuit of Happiness. This sentiment can be considered the foundation of the American Dream, the dream that everyone has the ability to become what he or she desires to be. While many people work to attain their American dream, others believe that the dream is seemingly impossible to reach, like F. Scott Fitzgerald. Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby examines the Jazz-Age generations search for the elusive American Dream of wealth and happiness and scrutinizes the consequences of that generationsRead MoreThe American Dream ( The Great Gatsby )1173 Words   |  5 PagesSLIDE. *POINTS TO PICTURE LIVING IN THE AMERICAN DREAM (THE GREAT GATSBY). Did anyone notice anything that caused a change in society between these two pictures? *POINTS TO SOMEONE WITH ONE OF THE ANSWERS TO THE QUIZ/QUESTION. READS OUT THE RAPID ECONOMIC BOOMING AND GREED. *NEXT SLIDE. That’s correct! During the 1920s of the Jazz Age in concurrence with the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, America had experienced a rapid economic booming after World War I. The American society experienced an economic and politicalRead MoreThe Great Gatsby American Dream1414 Words   |  6 Pagesfilm is based on the novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. 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The dream did not discriminate anyone and that is why many people worked towards it. In the novel, it shows that not everyone was living the American Dream but were separated by the social classes of wealth, race, and intelligence. The 1920s in America was a roaringRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : The American Dream927 Words   |  4 Pages2017 The Poor Man’s Dream Many believe that America is the land of riches, where anyone can become rich and wealthy. This idea is known as the American Dream, a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for a successful living. However, this ethos is completely false, and is nothing more than exactly that - a dream. Throughout the award-winning work of F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, he gathers criticism about the American Dream. He denounces the dream by shedding the lightRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The American Dream1771 Words   |  8 Pages 5/30/17 Of Gatsby and His Unattainable Dream The American dream is a concept that has been wielded into American literature throughout history. Projecting the contrast between the American dream and reality, F. Scott Fitzgerald incorporates his opinions, primarily based off of his experiences and tribulations in World War I, throughout his literary works.Many people believe that deplorable moral and social values have evolved from the materialistic pursuit of the American dream especially throughout

How Rock N Roll Changed America Essay - 1241 Words

Rock ‘n’ roll has played a major role in some known historical developments post World War 2. Music plays a significant part in America s Cold War culture. Music gave us a sense of new technologies and helped the world to prosper. It also is linked with African Americans living in the South. Music was known for shaping the lives of the people during the 1950s and 1960s. Music was geared towards the youth, race, ethnicity, gender and class. â€Å"All Shook Up: How Rock ‘n’ Roll Changed America† by Altschuler, Glenn C, tells us the story of the birth of rock and roll during the concrete years of 1955 to 1965. Altschuler gives us a overview of how rock ‘n’ roll has an historical context. â€Å" For two years the Times printed dozens of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The rise of rock ‘n’ roll and the reception of it, in fact, can tell us a lot about the culture and values of the United States in the 1950s. According to historians James Gilbert, there was a struggle throughout the decade ‘over the uses of popular culture to determine who would speak to what audience, and for what purpose†. At the center of that struggle, rock ‘n’ roll unsettled a nation had been â€Å"living in an ‘age of anxiety’† since 1945† (p.15). Altschuler talks about how music and race interlock with one another. Rock had become a â€Å"highly visible and contested arena for struggles over racial identity and cultural and economic empowerment in the United States† (p.35). Other chapters within the book state the battles involving sexuality, generational conflicts, as well as other social issues. The author states ideas that are somewhat problematic. For example, he states that there is a myth that rock ‘n’ roll went into a â€Å"lull† following the payola hearings (the practice of record promoters paying DJs or radio programmers to play their label s songs) of 1959 and did not come about again until the arrival of the Beatles in 1964. Rock ‘n’ roll presented us with the emergence of a cultural phenomenon, which the book lays out for us. Altschuler sees rock as a â€Å"metaphor for integration, as the focal point for anxiety that cultural life in the U.S. had become â€Å"sexualized†, a catalystShow MoreRelatedRock And Roll : Rock Roll1169 Words   |  5 PagesRey Marinas Mus160 CRN 10962 Homework # 2 Rock Roll Rock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will forever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and ChuckRead MoreElvis Presley Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesElvis Presley Essay When historians look at history and at reasons why society changed many focus on conflicts like wars, civil rights, and poverty. However, there is so much more that over time changed America. One of the most influential subjects that helped this change was Elvis Presley. Through his music, which was influenced by black artists, he allowed white Americans to view a new group of performers. He tested social boundaries that helped him change American culture. His appearance andRead MoreElvis Presley s Era And Rock N Roll Genre1624 Words   |  7 PagesElvis Presley Paramusical Analysis This essay will examine how the 1950’s era and rock n roll genre is represented in Elvis Presley’s 1956 popular recording â€Å"Hound Dog†. The African American rhythm and blues influences will also be studied through the paramusical factors and the musical features. This will be discussed as African American female blues singer Big Mama Thornton’s original 1952 recording of â€Å"Hound Dog† was covered and popularised by Elvis without compromising the original African AmericanRead MoreBlack Men Can’t Rock? Towards an Understanding of The Lack of Black Men in Rock Music2211 Words   |  9 Pagesyou expect now? Funk? Reggae? For very few people rock music would come to mind. Indeed their guess would be pretty much anything but rock. In this paper I intend to explore possible reasons for this. My intention initially was to explore the reasons for the lack of black men and women in modern indie music. However, during research I came to the conclusion that many of the reasons for this situation could be found at the dawn of rock n roll, and since then they have become entrenched and takenRead MoreOf the many historical eras, the 1960 era is regarded as one of the most controversial eras ever in1200 Words   |  5 PagesOf the many historical eras, the 1960 era is regarded as one of the most controversial eras ever in the history of America. However, this was not the anticipation that most of American citizens had. At the very beginning of the 1960s, many believed that this was perhaps the most promising era yet. They even dubbed this era the golden age. The expectations of the people intensified in 1961 when John F. Kennedy took the office of the president. His charisma and enthusiasm won the hearts and trust ofRe ad MoreFeminist Analysis : Not August Cleaver Edited By Joanne Meyerowitz Essay1790 Words   |  8 Pagesthe domestic realm to the public, especially during post-war America between the years of 1945-1960. Throughout history, women’s lives were limited to bearing and raising children, they were left oppressed and without a voice. Roles of women have changed over the decades and they have gone from being the property of their husbands to achieving independence in all areas of American culture. The stereotype of the woman in postwar America was â€Å"the quintessential white middle-class housewives who stayedRead MorePleasantville Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesPleasantville Essay A lot can happen in sixty years, and America is no exception to that statement. It is arguable that one of the biggest differences regarding America in the 1950s to modern America is culture. The movie â€Å"Pleasantville† reflects much of these cultural differences from 1950s to today in a creative and thoughtful way. It also provides much useful insight into the cultural conflicts America faced throughout the 1950s. The many differences between 1950s culture and modern day cultureRead MoreMUSI 1002 Notes2546 Words   |  11 PagesSerious vs. Popular music Differences: Degree of standardization Level of complexity Market context Adorno: Could take a chorus out and still makes sense. Serious, needs to listen to entirety to understand song. Real difference is market context, how it’s consumed. Serious is NOT market oriented Popular IS market oriented. Role of the listener Caught up in a standardized and routine set of responses Superficial pleasure â€Å"slave to the rhythm† people who enjoy this are corrupted and openRead MoreEssay on The Hard Rock Company2194 Words   |  9 PagesThe Hard Rock Cafà © (HRC) and the Hard Rock Hotels / Casinos is a highly successful series of ventures that serves up fun, music, food, nostalgia and beverage. The HRC is also famous for its music collectibles, including guitars used by icons in the industry (i.e. Madonna, Jimi Hendrix, etc), fashion merchandise, live concerts, and Hard Rock Live performance venues. The first Hard Rock Cafà © was opened on June 14, 1971, in London, England. Founded by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, HRC became wellRead More Black Music and the Civil Rights Movement Essay3856 Words   |  16 Pagesreformation. One such cultural revival took place in this nation after the closing of the Second World War. 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Causes and Effects of Drug Abuse - 1905 Words

Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction—that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully†¦show more content†¦As a result, dopamines impact on the reward circuit is lessened, reducing the abusers ability to enjoy the drugs and the things that previously brought pleasure. This decrease compels those addicted to drugs to keep a busing drugs in order to attempt to bring their dopamine function back to normal. And, they may now require larger amounts of the drug than they first did to achieve the dopamine high—an effect known as tolerance.Long-term abuse causes changes in other brain chemical systems and circuits as well. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that influences the reward circuit and the ability to learn. When the optimal concentration of glutamate is altered by drug abuse, the brain attempts to compensate, which can impair cognitive function. Drugs of abuse facilitate nonconscious (conditioned) learning, which leads the user to experience uncontrollable cravings when they see a place or person they associate with the drug experience, even when the drug itself is not available. Brain imaging studies of drug-addicted individuals show changes in areas of the brain that are critical to judgment, decisionmaking, learning and memory, and behavior control. Together, these changes can drive an abuser to seek out and take drugs compulsively despite adverse consequences—in other words, to become addicted to drugs. 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Ck Claridge inc free essay sample

Purcell hoped that by the end of the afternoon, aided by Schilling’s insights, he would be able to establish a course of action that might hasten the final settlement of a patent suit brought against CKC three years earlier by the Tolemite Corporation and its licensee, Barton Research and Development (BARD). The Contenders CKC was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1948 as a commercial outlet for the inventive genius of Dr. Charles K. Claridge, an astute organic chemist. Dr. Claridge owned and managed the company until 1996, when, desiring to retire, he sold it along with all of its patents and products to Arnoux Industries, a small Chicago-based conglomerate. CKC continued to prosper as an Arnoux subsidiary and by 2009 had projected annual sales of about $105 million, 14% of the Arnoux total. About 10% of CKC’s sales in 2009 were derived from a chemical component called Varacil, whose manufacturing process was the subject of the patent suit. We will write a custom essay sample on Ck Claridge inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The remainder of its sales included a wide range of specialty organic chemical products, sold in relatively small volume, primarily to the pharmaceutical industry. Tolemite, also headquartered in Chicago, was a chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturer with estimated 2009 sales in excess of $3. 0 billion. In 2000 Tolemite had been awarded a 17-year patent covering various aspects of a new, low-cost process for synthesizing Varacil. The techniques covered by the patent had been discovered at Tolemite’s research facility in 1994 as an offshoot of another project. (Tolemite had filed a patent application in early 1995. ) Since Tolemite was neither a user nor a producer of Varacil, it had decided to offer the use of the patent, under license, to BARD, the principal Varacil producer in the United States. As drugs requiring Varacil had been phased out, new ones requiring the compound had typically appeared. Furthermore, industry leaders had no reason to believe that this stability would be lost over the next several years; they projected industry unit sales to be quite flat as far as five to ten years out. On the dollar value side, however, the story was quite different. Prices for Varacil had been in decline for several years. When converting to the synthetic process, each competitor in the industry had tooled up to supply an optimistic share of the market. Then, when market share objectives were not met, prices were slashed in an attempt to keep manufacturing facilities operating at efficient levels and to bring in as much contribution as possible toward fixed costs. This situation was expected to continue for at least five years. Exhibit 1 shows industry unit and dollar sales of synthetic Varacil for the period 2000-2009, as well as management’s projections for 2010-2020. In 2009 there were seven principal competitors in the synthetic Varacil market. BARD, with $60 million in sales, took roughly 66% of the market. CKC, with about $10 million in sales, was the Upon filing of the suit, CKC’s process engineers had tried hard to develop a process modification that avoided infringing the patent in the manner that the CKC-discovered process allegedly did, but after a year of trying determined that this was not feasible. 2 C. K. Claridge, Inc. 910-045 second largest and held an 11% share. The remaining five competitors, none of whose Varacil sales exceeded $6 million, then constituted the remaining 23% of the market. By 2006 all seven of the principal competitors were manufacturing synthetic Varacil by nearly identical processes. Only BARD, however, was paying royalties to Tolemite. Based on the logic of the lawsuit, the other producers were technically infringing the patent. Background on the Litigation On June 12, 2006, Tolemite (as the patent owner) and BARD (with sublicensing rights) had jointly filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin charging CKC with having infringed on Tolemite’s patent. To remedy the infringement, Tolemite and BARD were seeking an injunction against future infringement over the ten years remaining on the 17-year life of the patent, as well as damages equivalent to license royalty payments of 20% on Claridge’s past and future sales of synthetic Varacil. When confronted with the suit, Purcell had immediately discussed the matter with Aaron Mantiris, general counsel for Arnoux Industries. Both had felt there was considerable evidence indicating that Tolemite’s process might not be patentable. At Mantiris’ suggestion, CKC had retained the services of Evans and Blaylock, a well-known and highly reputable firm of intellectual property attorneys in New York. These attorneys quickly agreed with Mantiris on the potential weakness of the Tolemite suit. Thus, in 2006, Evans and Blaylock had begun to intensively prepare the case for CKC’s defense. Tolemite’s patent contained 12 claims of originality. Like all successful patent applicants, Tolemite had had to demonstrate to the patent examiners that there was no â€Å"prior art,† e. g. previous patents, applied-for patents, or processes in the public domain—unpatentable, but generally known—that were similar. In fact, there were many instances of patents being successfully challenged. However, once a patent was issued, the burden lay with a potential infringer to prove that the claimed invention was unpatentable. And, unless there was a serious irregularity such as fraud associated with its issuance, a patent was treated as valid unless and until it was legally invalidated. In the matter of synthetic Varacil, Mantiris argued that Tolemite had not, in fact, introduced any novelty, but had merely observed and harnessed a naturally occurring process that, in itself, was not patentable. A patent holder whose patent was infringed was entitled to sue the infringer for damages to compensate for sales and profit wrongfully obtained. In awarding damages in a case like that brought jointly by BARD and Tolemite against CKC, a court would almost certainly consider a reasonable royalty and the plaintiff’s lost profits—with the award potentially trebled in the case of egregious circumstances, which seemed unlikely in this suit. In determining the amount to be demanded in a lawsuit, the plaintiff usually calculated these damages in a way most favorable to itself. However, if the plaintiff prevailed in court, the actual damages awarded were often considerably less. In the Varacil matter it was the strongly held opinion of both Mantiris and the Evans and Blaylock lawyers—based on considerable comparable experience, relevant legal precedents, and other datathat although the suit specified a 20% royalty payment, the amount awarded if CKC lost the suit would be equivalent to approximately 10% royalties on past and future sales through the life of the patent. Purcell was persuaded of the accuracy of this assessment; as was common, in the view of CKC and its attorneys, the plaintiffs had claimed an amount roughly double their likely awardif they ended up prevailing in court.